07/09/2024
Mzilawegazi lika Mashobana from a Military leader to a nation-builder.
Mzilikazi was a Southern African monarch who established the strong Ndebele Matabele kingdom in what is now Zimbabwe.
He was born in 1790 near Mkuze, in Zululand, now in South Africa, and died on September 9, 1868, in Ingama, Matabeleland, near Bulawayo, now in Zimbabwe.
Mzilikazi was King Shaka's greatest warrior, who led his followers over 500 miles from what is now South Africa to what is now Zimbabwe, forming an enormous and ethnically diverse nation along the way.
He was a powerful statesman who united the numerous Bantu groups he had conquered into a unified, powerful kingdom.
The underlying presumptions—that he was an exceptional statesman or a ruthless military leader—are contestable.
There are assertions that the Ndebele settlement consisted of a hierarchy of "divisions" or provinces that was exclusively militarised.
J. Cobbing's book ‘Evolution of Ndebele Amabutho’ argues that the 'divisions' never happened. The collective group conceptions of Amhlope, Amakanda, Amnyama, and Igapha were derived from four initial or proto-amabutho that were developed before the Ndebele migrated to the Matopos region.
It is possible to simply figure out the order in which amabutho was created in the post-1850 era, with bursts of ibutho development typically occurring in connection with historical challenges for the kingdom.
Cobbings underline even more that while older, more established imizi continue to exist as conceptions of allegiance to this day, Amabutho creations from the late 1860s, such as Imbizo and Insuka, fell apart following the European occupation in the 1890s.
It is essential to understand the development of the Ndebele ibutho in order to understand other facets of Ndebele society, including the rise of the chieftaincies (izigaba) and the major local lineages, as well as the social and political context in which individuals were intended to achieve their aims.
These are the regiments that eventually gave sections their names.
AMHLOPHE meant the color white, some claim that the men had white hair, but the majority of customs attribute the color to the feathers in the headgear.
They came into being as a group in Zululand, under the leadership of Mzilikazi during the migration. They made their home in the middle of Matabeleland, with Mhlahlandlela as their operational base.
AMAKHANDA The forehead was the metaphorical term employed to refer to the frontline. They moved northward under Gundwane during the migration, establishing Enzwananzini as its headquarters as they settled in the eastern side of Matabeleland.
AMNYAMA Maybe black was the color of their shields. It was originally meant for a section of the Amakanda and evolved from the unit known as "Amnyama angankomo" (black, like oxen), which conducted the initial inspection before the migration.
IGABA This came from the Igaba regiment, which was stationed in Egabeni at Mzilikazi's Kraal. The migration, led by Mzilikazi, settled in Matabeleland's western region.
During the reign of Lobengula, Emagogweni was utilized as its headquarters.
Zulu-named units that were considered very senior.
It is possible that these units were assimilated into later regiments as they had no documented history following the occupation of Matabeleland.
DUKADA, ENGWA, IMFAGOCEBA, INDAMANE, INZANAYO, ISIPHIGA, ISITSHAMA, IZIQUQA, MAJOLO, MFIHLO.
From 1822 until 1837, these migration-related regiments were established.
The following traveled towards the Zambezi with Mzilikazi.
MHLAHLANDLELA (The Pioneers). This regiment, which had always been at the forefront, commanded the Amambambo, Isizinda, and Magoloza groups in addition to serving as the main one in the Amhlope division. Situated 12 miles south of the current Bulawayo, at the location of its kraal, is a memorial dedicated to Mzilikazi. It was eventually divided into four: Sikulu, Amadiba, Ihlati, and Incinyane: Induna (1840), Gwabalanda Mate, (1870), Mlizana Mate, (1893), Lethuli Mate, (1893) (Amadiba) Manyewu Ndiweni.
AMAGOGO The leaders had names that contained the word "go-go." Impongo, Umgogo, and Amahlogohlogo.
This was the main regiment of the Igaba section and was composed of the following Indunas under Mzilikazi's reign; Magqekeni Sithole; Mcetshwa (acting); and Gambo Sithole (1885).
INYANDA, This was a huge regiment composed of smaller units, as explained by the word "inyanda" under Induna Mazzini Khumalo and Induna Mlagela Khumalo.
UMSIZI ravenous, which means they could easily destroy their rivals. Ruled by Induna Mcetshwa Masuku, and Nsukumbili Khumalo.
AMAMAMBO (steadfast).
ILINGA the adventure, an Amapetelo (border) regiment: under Induna Nungu Khumalo.
INKANI thornbush a hard nut to crack: under Induna (1870) Magobela.
KHUMALO. Little is known of this regiment, whose kraal was on the edge of the Matopos. It may have been associated with INYANDA which was nearby and always had a member of the Khumalo family as its Induna.
The following traveled with Gundwane straight to Matabeleland.
GODLWAYO held back, which denotes an excessive desire to progress. With the ex*****on of their famous Induna, Mtikana Mafu, in 1885, this regiment came very close to an uprising. Induna Dambisamahubo Mafu, executed in (1885) Mafu Mtikana, (1893) Maduna Mafu.
AMATSHETSHE the swift ones: (1870) under Induna Sido Masuku, Manyakavulu Masuku.
ENXA of the same house: under Induna Ntshumane Kanye, (1870) Loyiswayo Dlodlo, and in (1893) Mgandane Dlodlo.
IMPANGELA refers to guinea fowl, feather headgear. may have been vanished or destroyed soon after ending the Nkulumane "revolt" in 1840. In June 1837, Dingane's invasion of Mosega nearly destroyed them.
INGWEKWE the hook, which could capture an opponent by surprise. participated in the Mosega Battle in 1837, and one of the injured men went on an expedition to Lake Ngami in 1883: Induna Mkanyeli Masuku.
INSINDA (oppressor). Around 1840, Princess Nyamazana's "Swati" followers were merged into this regiment: Induna Tshuwe Gwebu.
INSINGO (the razor): ruled by Induna Dlundluluza Dlodlo, and in (1893) Somabulane Dlodlo.
INTEMBA (trust). They raided baTswana at Lake Game in 1885 and suffered a severe defeat that, despite its existence at the time, it was not known to have fought in 1893: Induna Mojo Mlotshwa, Xukutwayo Mlotshwa, and in (1893) Salomon Mnguni.
INZWANANZI wide awake. Later on, it rose to become the Amakanda division's main unit: under Induna Mantinti, (1870) Mpiliwa Magutshwa, and (1893) Malevu Magutshwa.
ISIPHEZI the fleet of foot. This was also the name of Shaka's regiment: ruled by Induna Maqundela Sigola, and Nqabeni Sigola.
IZINKONDO the spearheads. Also known as Izinkondo Zimnyama spears of Amnyama: Induna Xukutwayo Mnguni.
OYENGA the deceivers. Induna Mlotha Khumalo, and in (1893) Mligulu Khumalo.
UMZINYATHI (black buffalo). The principal regiment I. Amnyama — later Amabuto division: Induna Majijili Gwebu. The names given by Norris Newman kid Indunas of this regiment in 1894 — Inkoni and Inshlabe—do not appear in any other list, they may have been Abalisa.
INTUNTA. it was created by Umzinyati's subdivision: Induna Mahabahaba Mkwananzi, (before 1887) Dliso Mkwananzi with Singalela Nkomo as umlisa.
The following traveled northwards with Gundwane after they arrived in Matabeleland.
INYATHI the Buffalo. The Inyati Mission, the first European colony in Emhlangeni, was founded in 1859 close to the three kraals of a renowned regiment. It relocated to the current Douglasdale in 1867. In 1893, Mzilikazi frequently resided with this unit, whose veterans continued to protect his grave: Induna (1859) Ntabeni Gwebu, (1867) Mbumbulu Gwebu, (1893) Mhlatshana Nzima.
INHLANJWANE. This were a border regiment: Induna Manyoba Ndiweni.
ISIZINDA the grief makers. They Recovered Cattle Captured by Potgieters Commando in 1847 from Zwangendaba: Induna Mnengeza Fuyane, Mapisa Fuyane, and in (1893) Mgandini (Umlisa)
MAGOLOZA (the Smiters): Induna Dlekeleza Tebe, (1870) Mankanyiyana Tebe.
DIBINHLANGU the Shield carriers. Induna Nungu Tebe, Mletshe Tebe. While other sources question Gunyalitshe's account of these two regiments being the same, they were indeed closely related, and their stories are notably similar. Dibinhlangu may have been a minor company in the regiment, and its command may have developed independently of the main body despite being in the Tebe clan. They were both under MHLAHLANDLELA.
The Rise of Matebeleland
LIST OF MATABELE REGIMENTS.