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11/04/2026

Niagara Falls celebrating the blue wave on election night.

10/16/2026

10/10/2026

Today marks the 130th birth anniversary of Lester Halbert Germer (1896–1971), the American physicist who helped establish the wave nature of electrons.

In 1924, Louis de Broglie proposed that material particles, including electrons, possess wave-like properties. In 1927, at Bell Telephone Laboratories, Germer and Clinton Davisson directed a beam of electrons at a single crystal of nickel. They observed pronounced maxima in the intensity of scattered electrons at particular angles, consistent with diffraction predicted by Bragg's law using de Broglie's wavelength.

The discovery was partly accidental. In 1925, damage to their vacuum apparatus allowed air to enter the chamber, oxidizing the hot nickel target. Prolonged heating to clean the target caused it to recrystallize into a few large crystal regions. The resulting changes in the electron-scattering patterns prompted further investigation of electron diffraction. In 1926, Davisson learned more about de Broglie's hypothesis at a scientific meeting in Oxford, helping him interpret the experimental results in terms of electron waves.

Independently, in 1927, G. P. Thomson demonstrated electron diffraction using thin metal films. Davisson and Thomson shared the 1937 Nobel Prize in Physics for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals.

The Davisson–Germer experiment provided compelling experimental evidence for the wave nature of electrons, supporting de Broglie's matter-wave hypothesis and an important aspect of quantum mechanics. Its findings were also consistent with the wave description of matter developed by Erwin Schrödinger.

10/10/2026

Tonga Stand opposite Dean's Hotel Peshawar, 1970

10/10/2026

In June 1903, Marie Curie defended her groundbreaking doctoral thesis, 𝘙𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘤𝘩 𝘰𝘯 𝘙𝘢𝘥𝘪𝘰𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘦 𝘚𝘶𝘣𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦𝘴, at the Université de la Sorbonne in Paris, becoming the first woman in France to receive a doctoral degree. The thesis presented her pioneering research on radioactivity, including work related to the discoveries of polonium and radium, and helped lay the foundation for her Nobel Prizes in Physics (1903) and Chemistry (1911).

Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and remains, to this day, the only person to have received Nobel Prizes in two different scientific fields.

10/06/2026

Karl Deisseroth, a winner of the 2026 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, said he got the call that morning and explained that optogenetics turns brain cells on or off with light, letting scientists test hunger, thirst, aggression, parenting and memory. He said knowing the key cells allows medicines to be made, with phase 2 trials moving into phase 3 for autism and schizophrenia drugs.

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