05/27/2026
What if the key to unlocking cancer immunotherapy was already living inside you?
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Immunotherapy has changed the game, but too many patients still do not respond. Scientists have long suspected gut bacteria play a role. Now, there is evidence of exactly how.
A research team publishing in Nature Communications identified that tiny nano-sized vesicles shed by Bifidobacterium, a common gut commensal, can travel from the intestine, cross tissue barriers, and accumulate directly inside lung tumors.
Once there, they prime tumor cells to express more PD-L1. That makes the cancer more visible, and more vulnerable, to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.
In mouse models, combining these vesicles with anti-PD-1 significantly reduced tumor growth, increased tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells, and shifted the tumor immune environment toward an anti-cancer state.
To map exactly where and how this was happening inside tumor tissue, the team turned to spatial profiling using the NanoString GeoMx Digital Spatial Profiling instrument, with image analysis supported by Quartz PCI.
The result: a measurable, spatially resolved picture of PD-L1 upregulation and immune cell infiltration across treatment groups.
The gut-lung axis is no longer a hypothesis. It is a potential therapeutic target, and imaging made it visible.
________________________________________
All rights for the excerpts and images remain with the authors and the full article is found here: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-58553-4
Preet, R., Islam, M.A., Shim, J. et al. Gut commensal Bifidobacterium-derived extracellular vesicles modulate the therapeutic effects of anti-PD-1 in lung cancer. Nature Communications 16, 3500 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58553-4
Thank you for mentioning Quartz Imaging in the paper and congratulations on publishing!
Learn more about Quartz Imaging products at www.quartzimaging.com